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Cambodia |
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Facts and Statistics
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos Capital: Phnom Penh Population: 13,607,069 Ethic Groups: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% Religions: Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5% |
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Language in Cambodia
Khmer is the official language of Cambodia and is used in most social contexts including government administration, education at all levels, and in the mass media. It is spoken by some 7 million people living there, roughly 90% of the population. Regional differences are slight and normally mutually intelligible. Based on the dialect of the capital city of Phnom Penh, Modern Khmer is used throughout the nation and widely understood by its inhabitants. Much Khmer vocabulary used in literature, the military, and administration is borrowed from Sanskrit, or Pali. Due to years of French colonial rule, numerous French words have been incorporated into the language as well. Cambodian Society & Culture Religion . The majority of Cambodians follow Theravada Buddhism. . Originating in India, the religion teaches that life and death in this world are intertwined through the concept of reincarnation. . Every person lives a life as a worldly being and depending on their behaviour will come back in their next life as a higher or lower being. . "Karma" is the term used to describe this - i.e. if you do good you will have good karma. A rough translation of this is, "you reap what you sow." Theravada Buddhism has the following principles: - Have the right thoughts. - Have the right goals. - Speak the right words. - Perform the right deeds. - Earn a living in the right way. - Make the right effort. - Be intellectually alert. - Meditate. Hierarchy . Buddhism also reinforces a sense of hierarchy within society. . Interpersonal communication is built on the relationship between those involved. . Common hierarchical guidelines are that parents are superior to children, teachers to students and managers to subordinates. . Monks will even walk in rank order, highest in front and most junior at the rear. . As a foreigner you may find that people ask personal questions - this is a means to identify your 'rank' rather than being nosy. They may change the way they communicate depending on your status. Collectivism . Cambodia is a collective society - individuals take second place to the group whether this is the family, neighbourhood or company. . In such societies, etiquette and protocol guidelines are used to maintain a sense of common harmony - for example subtle communication styles are employed in order to minimize the chances of causing offense to others. . The concept of face also ties in with this collective outlook. . Protecting both one's own and other's face is extremely important. . Face can roughly be translated as a combination of honour, dignity and public reputation that is attributed to a person. . Face can be lost, given and accrued. . Foreigners in Cambodia need to be aware of the mechanics of face to ensure they do not cause anyone to lose face as a result of unintentional actions. . Face is lost when someone is criticized, embarrassed or exposed in public. . It can be given by complimenting someone publicly, i.e. for their business acumen or hospitality. Cambodian Etiquette and Customs Meeting & Greeting . Greetings between Cambodians are dependent on the relationship/hierarchy/age between the people. . The traditional greeting is a bow combined with a bringing of the hands together at chest level (similar to bringing hands together for prayer). . If one intends to show greater respect the bow is lower and the hands brought higher. . With foreigners Cambodians have adopted the western practice of shaking hands. Women may still use the traditional Cambodian greeting. . The simple rule is to respond with the greeting you are given. . In Cambodia people are addressed with the honorific title "Lok" for a man and "Lok Srey" for a woman followed with the first name or both the first and surname. Gift Giving Etiquette . Gifts are usually given at Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam). . Birthdays are not big events like in the West and people of the older generation may not even know their date of birth. . Unlike most other cultures, Cambodians do not celebrate birthdays. In fact, many older people may not know the exact date of their birth. . A small gift can also be taken if invited to someone's home for food. . If invited to a home, take nicely presented fruit, sweets, pastries or flowers. . Avoid giving knives. . Gifts are usually wrapped in colorful paper. . Do not use white wrapping paper, as it is the color of mourning. . When giving gifts use both hands. . Gifts are not opened when received. Dining Etiquette . Table manners are fairly formal. . If unconfident with the dos and don'ts simply follow what others do. . When invited to the dining table wait to be told where to sit as you would not want to upset any hierarchical arrangements. . The oldest person is usually seated first. . Similarly the eldest person should start eating before others. . Do not begin eating until the eldest person starts. . Never discuss business in such social settings. Business Etiquette and Protocol in Cambodia Meeting and Greeting . As Cambodia is a hierarchical culture the business world follows suit in terms of protocol and behaviours. . Respect and deference must always be shown to the most senior person. . When meeting a group you will be introduced to the highest ranking person, similarly you should have the most senior of your group greet them. . If groups are involved you should introduce people according to rank so that your Cambodian counterparts understand the dynamics of the group. . Handshakes are normal although be careful not to be too firm as this may be construed as aggressive. . If men are dealing with women they should wait and see if they extend a hand before doing so. Eye contact should be kept to a minimum. . Cambodians address people with the honorific title "Lok" for a man and "Lok Srey" for a woman with the first name alone or both the first and surname. Business Cards . Business cards should be exchanged after the initial introductions. . Have one side of your card translated into Khmer if possible. . Present your card so the Khmer side is readable to the recipient. . Use the right hand or both hands when offering or receiving a business card. . It is important to treat business cards with respect as the way you handle the card is indicative of the way you will treat the person. Business Meetings . Meetings do not stick to any schedule or agenda. . Issues may be tackled separately and altogether if need be - once an issue has seemingly been resolved it may later be addressed again. . Meetings will continue until the attendees feel everything has been satisfactorily covered. . Building a relationship on mutual trust is crucial so initially time should be invested in getting to know your counterparts. . Small talk should always be employed at the beginning of meetings. . Cambodians are very indirect communicators so some reading between the lines is a necessary skill. . They will always consider the implications of making statements or using particular words especially if it involves anything negative as this draws in the issue of face. . In fact if Cambodians disagree with someone they would rather remain silent than make any comment. . If they disagree with an idea, they generally remain silent. . If unsure about statements be sure to double check. . Cambodians prefer ideas to be brought forward in a gentle way and to wait for others to respond. . Pushy, pressured or boastful communication styles are a real turn-off. . Punctuality is important. Arriving late shows a lack of respect for the person with whom you are meeting. . Non-verbal behaviour is just as important to be aware of. . For example, smiling in Cambodia is situational and can have many meanings; it may mean a person does not understand what has been said, they are nervous or even irritated. . Showing emotions is considered a negative behaviour. Anger, impatience or frustration should be hidden as it would lead to a loss of face. . overtly is not part of the culture and is considered a sign of weakness as well as poor manners. . Modesty and humility are emphasized in the culture, so compliments and praise are generally responded to by a deprecating comment. . It is a good idea not to speak with bravado, which may be interpreted as boasting. Avoid prolonged eye contact. . Be sure to speak clearly, slowly and to avoid use of slang, adages and colloquial sayings. Being a Manager in Cambodia To ensure successful cross cultural management in Cambodia, it is essential to maintain harmonious relationships and be cognizant of the need for people to retain face in all transactions. The Cambodian culture places a great deal of emphasis on protocol. Intercultural sensitivity is essential and it is important that you are polite and exercise restraint and self-discipline in your business dealings. When managing bear in mind that each person has a distinct role within the organization. People believe that their supervisors have been chosen because they have more experience than those they manage, and it is not appropriate to consult subordinates in the decision-making process. Networking with Cambodian government officials and businesspeople can assist you in making connections that will facilitate your business dealings. Who you know and how well you know them can open important doors. This is not a culture where “cold calling” is effective. The Role of a Manager In Cambodia, as in other hierarchical societies, managers may take a somewhat paternalistic attitude to their employees. When in meetings, praise should be given to the entire group for any contributions, and not to individuals. Even then there may be a reluctance to accept it in order to appear modest. Approach to Change Cambodia’s intercultural adaptability and readiness for risk is minimal. Change is difficult to bring about and the idea of it is not received with enthusiasm. In order for change to take hold, the idea needs to be perceived as good for the group and be accepted by the group. Approach to Time and Priorities Cambodia is very relaxed with its attitude towards schedules and timelines. Cambodians will not upset others in order to force meeting a deadline, and while appointments and schedules need to be set in advance, these should be viewed as flexible. Patience is a necessary attribute to successful cross cultural management in Cambodia. Global and intercultural expansion means that some managers may have a greater appreciation of the need to enforce timescales and as such, agreed deadlines are more likely to be met. Decision Making Since Cambodia is a hierarchical culture, most decisions are made at the top of the company without seeking consensus from the employees who are simply told what has been decided and what they are to do. There may be informal networking among employees or between managers and subordinates, although actual power is generally held in the hands of a few key people at the top of the organization. To ensure successful cross cultural management, you will need to bear in mind that because of the hierarchical culture, young employees often have difficulty delegating work to someone who is older than they are, even if their own position is superior. Most Cambodians are risk averse and will, therefore, follow directions explicitly, and do no more and no less than asked. Boss or Team Player If you are working in Cambodia, it is important to remember that face and reputation play an important role. If you would like to encourage participation it is important first to clearly establish a non-threatening work environment and communicate fully that their participation is desired. When meeting together and moderating ideas, intercultural sensitivity is necessary. It is important to qualify ideas that are raised in a gentle manner, protecting the reputation of those bringing up ideas, so no one is shamed. Communication and Negotiation Styles Cross cultural management will be more effective if you understand the importance Cambodians place on personal relationships. Negotiations will be slow while they take the time to get to know you. It is worth being patient as any display of impatience could jeopardize the deal. If proposing a large contract, it is advisable to first seek government approval. Remember that Cambodians are non-confrontational. They do not like saying "no" overtly. If they say "no problem" there is a problem and what you have asked for will not happen. Strive to maintain your composure at all times. Displaying anger or irritation could negatively impact negotiations. In this poor country, price is often a determining factor in business decisions. Useful Information and Links about Cambodia * Currency - the currency of Cambodia is known as the Riel (KHR). Use the free currency converter to compare to dollars, GBP or Euro. * Weather - visit Yahoo!'s up to date Weather for Cambodia. * News - check out all the latest Google news on Cambodia. * Dialing Code - the international dialing code for Cambodia is +855. * Time - Cambodia is +7 hours GMT. Get the time in Cambodia now. * History - read about the long and rich past of Cambodia. * Hotels - for accommodation see Hotel Reservations in Cambodia. |
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