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Official name: Republic of the Union of Myanmar (previously Union of Myanmar; Union of Burma )
Population: 50.5 million (UN, 2010) Capital: Nay Pyi Taw Largest city: Rangoon (Yangon) Area: 676,552 sq km (261,218 sq miles) Major languages: Burmese, indigenous ethnic languages Major religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Life expectancy: 64 years (men), 68 years (women) (UN) Monetary unit: 1 kyat = 100 pyas Main exports: Teak, pulses and beans, prawns, fish, rice, opiates, oil and gas GNI per capita: n/a Internet domain: .mm International dialling code: +95 |
Burma, also known as Myanmar, was long considered a pariah state, isolated from the rest of the world and with an appalling human rights record.
From 1962 to 2011, the country was ruled by a military junta that suppressed almost all dissent and wielded absolute power in the face of international condemnation and sanctions. The generals who ran Burma stood accused of gross human rights abuses, including the forcible relocation of civilians and the widespread use of forced labour, including children. The first general election in 20 years was held in 2010. This was hailed by the junta as an important step in the transition from military rule to a civilian democracy, though opposition groups alleged widespread fraud and condemned the election as a sham. It was boycotted by the main opposition group, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) - which had won a landslide victory in the previous multi-party election in 1990 but was not allowed to govern. A nominally civilian government led by President Thein Sein - who served as a general and then prime minister under the junta - was installed in March 2011. However, a new constitution brought in by the junta in 2008 entrenched the primacy of the military. A quarter of seats in both parliamentary chambers are reserved for the military, and three key ministerial posts - interior, defence and border affairs - must be held by serving generals. Despite this inauspicious start to Burma's new post-junta phase, a series of reforms in the months since the new government took up office has led to speculation that decades of international isolation could be coming to an end. This was confirmed when US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a landmark visit to Burma in December 2011 - the first by a senior US official in 50 years - during which she met both President Thein Sein and Aung San Suu Kyi. Mrs Clinton said that the US would be willing to consider easing sanctions if further progress was made towards political reform. The the EU went on to lift all non-military sanctions for a year in April 2012 during a visit by foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton. The largest ethnic group is the Burman people, who are related to the Tibetans and the Chinese. Burman dominance over Karen, Shan, Rakhine, Mon, Chin, Kachin and other minorities has been the source of considerable ethnic tension and has fuelled intermittent separatist rebellions. Military offensives against insurgents have uprooted many thousands of civilians. Ceasefire deals signed in late 2011 and early 2012 with rebels of the Karen and Shan ethnic groups suggested a new determination to end the long-running conflicts. A largely rural, densely forested country, Burma is the world's largest exporter of teak and a principal source of jade, pearls, rubies and sapphires. It is endowed with extremely fertile soil and has important offshore oil and gas deposits. However, its people remain very poor. The economy is one of the least developed in the world, and is suffering the effects of decades of stagnation, mismanagement, and isolation. Key industries have long been controlled by the military, and corruption is rife. The military has also been accused of large-scale trafficking in heroin, of which Burma is a major exporter. Among others, the EU, United States and Canada imposed economic sanctions on Burma, although the EU suspended all non-military measures for a year in April 2012. Of the major economies, only China, India and South Korea have invested in the country. Burma is festooned with the symbols of Buddhism. Thousands of pagodas throng its ancient towns; these have been a focus for an increasingly important tourism industry. But while tourism has been a magnet for foreign investment, its benefits have so far hardly touched the people. |
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